Handling information Essay Example for Free

Handling information Essay QUESTION- ( 1.1 ) Identify legislations and codes of practice that relate to handling information in health and social care ANSWER In order to answer the question above I am going to explain the meaning of Legislations: Definition of the word Legislations. Noun 1) An officially elected or otherwise selected body of people vested with the responsibility and power to make laws for a political unit, such as a state or nation 2) The process of making or enacting laws: it will require legislation to change this situation Code of practice. Noun A set of guidelines and regulations to be followed by members of some profession, trade, occupation, organization etc.; does not normally have the force or law As a senior care worker it is very important to know the right to confidentiality is guaranteed partly by the Facts safety Act 1998, partly by the Human Rights Act 1998, and partly by principles established by judges on a case by case basis (the common law). The purpose of this code of practice The Health and Social Care Act 2008 requires us to publish a code that sets out the practice we will follow in obtaining, handling, using and disclosing confidential personal information. DATA PROTECTION ACT 1998 This legal document sets out eight principles which are in essence a code of good practice for processing personal data. These are Make sure that things are processed fairly and lawfully. Processed only for one or more specified and lawful purpose. Adequate, relevant and not excessive for those purposes This Code of Practice fulfills that requirement. We intend to be used in two main ways: †¢ By our staff, to set out how we will work and to provide a point of reference against which our practice can be judged. The Code will help us to continually develop policies, processes and training. These will, in turn, generate detailed guidance to our staff on issues relating to confidential personal information. As a senior care worker what we should and allowed to do Our functions (the jobs we were set up to do) include the registration of health and social care providers to ensure that essential standards of quality and safety are being met; reviewing and investigating the quality of the services we provide; and protecting the interests of people whose rights are restricted under the Mental Health Act 1983. Our main objective in performing our functions is to protect and promote the health, safety and welfare of people who use health and social care services. Schedule 9 of the Health and Social Care Act 2008 allows us to help other public authorities to carry out their functions. This may include sharing confidential personal information with them where we think it is appropriate and in the public interest to do so. The Data protection Act 1998 sets out eight principles which are in essence a code of good practice for processing personal data. Our workplace policies and procedures will be based around those principles. The Human Rights Act 1998 details the right to a private life. There is also the GSCC code of practice for social care workers, which provides a clear guide for all those who work in social work, Failure to comply with conditions. A person who— (A) Is registered under this Chapter in respect of a regulated activity (whether as a service provider or manager), and. (B) Fails, without reasonable excuse, to comply with any condition for the time being in force by virtue of this Chapter in relation to the registration. Is guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding  £50,000. Now I am describing the purpose of the Code of Practice The Health and Social Care Act 2008 requires us to publish a code that sets  out the practice we will follow in obtaining, handling, using and disclosing confidential personal information. This Code of Practice fulfills that requirement. We intend it to be used in two main ways: By our staff, to set out how we will work and to provide a point of reference against which our practice can be judged. The Code will help us to continually develop policies, processes and training. These will, in turn, generate detailed guidance to our staff on issues relating to confidential personal information. By our stakeholders (people who use services, careers, the public, providers of health and social care, and other regulatory bodies), to find out about the principles that they can expect us to follow, and to be reassured about our use of confidential personal information. The Office of the Health Professions Judge. (1)There is to be a body corporate known as the Office of the Health Professions Adjudicator (referred to in this Part as â€Å"the OHPA†). . (2)The OHPA is to have functions in relation to the professions regulated by— . (a)the Medical Act 1983 (c. 54), and . (b)the Opticians Act 1989 (c. 44). . (3)Schedule 6 (which makes further provision about the OHPA) has effect. Now I am explain a my life history about health and social care I just didn’t realize how important reading and keeping good records was until I started to support my son. When his support workers follow the information in him records he has a good day and keeps healthy. Following his detailed support plan around morning and evening care means that he starts and finishes the day well. Each day we write down what we have done and how things went. Because of my son’s medical needs we also keep daily records of him medication and seizures? This helps my son, his mum, and the doctors notice any changes in his health. My son’s keeps her own health records in his room for when he goes to the doctor’s and also in case there is an emergency. We explain to him each day about the other records we fill in. my son can see all of the records about him when he wants to; he has given permission for his mum to see most of the records too. We keep the records in a locked cabinet in the sleep-over room. My suggestion as a senior care givers we  will be dealing day to day with service users confidential information so it is very important and one our job roles is to understand the legislation and bring into practice especially, when we are handling or passing others the confidential information of our service users so therefore, Continue on a separate page if necessary QUESTION- ( 1.2 ) Summarise the main points of legal requirements and codes of practice for handling information in health and social care ANSWER In this question of the question I am going to Summarised the main points of legal requirements and codes of practice for handling information in health and social care under the DATA PROTECTION ACT 1998. The data protection act sets out 8 principles governing the use of personal information; Personal data shall be processed fairly and lawfully Personal data shall be obtained only for one or more specified and lawful purposes Personal data shall be adequate, relevant and not excessive Personal data shall be accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date. Appropriate technical and organizational measures shall be taken against unauthorized or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, personal data. Personal data shall not be transferred to a country or territory outside the European Economic Area, unless that country or territory ensures an adequate level of protection for the rights and freedoms of data subjects in relation to the processing of personal data. GSCC Code of practice The code of practice states social worker should/not respecting confidential information and clearly explaining agency policies about confidentiality to service users and carers Abuse the trust of service users and careers or the access, we have to personal information about them or to their property,  home or workplace Maintaining clear and accurate records as required by procedures established for your work. FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (2000) The Act provides a general right of access to information held by Public Authorities (PA). Anyone can request information from a PA and has the right to be told whether the PA holds the information, and if it does, to be provided with the information. Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA98) Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights establishes a right to ‘respect for private and family life’. This underscores the duty to protect individual privacy and preserve the confidentiality of health and social care records. Current understanding is that compliance with the Data Protection Act 1998 and the common law of confidentiality should satisfy Human Rights requirements. For more information please visit or Google it The legislation and the codes of practice that relate to handling of information in social care settings include; Date protection Act 1998 This law protects privacy of personal data unless a criminal offence arises that requires disclosure of certain information Caldecott standard This governs the sharing of information based on data protection amended in 2006 and 2008 Freedom of information Act 200 The Health and Social Care Act 1998 Mental capacity Act 2005 The Access to medical Reports Act 1988 The Care quality Commission Act (CQC) Standards of Quality and Safety The General Social Care Council (GSCC) These act gives authority to the Secretary of State for Health; the power to regulations, to authorize or require health services to disclose patient information, including data which is patient identifiable to support NHS activity in the interest of improving patient care or wider public interest. In addition the data may be used; To monitor diseases including communicate diseases or; For occupational purposes on medical research o as to improve the quality  of care or treatment or; To improve /monitor diseases or medical research; Promote good practice in handling information in health and social care settings Continue on a separate page if necessary QUESTION- ( 2.1 ) Describe features of manual and electronic information storage systems that help ensure security ANSWER I am describing below the features of manual and electronic information storage systems that help ensure security. Manual data: When not in use, files containing personal data should be kept in locked stores or cabinets to which only authorized staffs have access. Procedures for booking files in and out of storage should be developed, so that file movements can be tracked. Files should be put away in secure storage at the end of the working day, and should not be left on desks overnight. Electrical and others data Log out of computer when not working at desk Any discs containing data are securely kept in office Filing cabinets are protected when not in use Ensure telephone calls remain private, in office, door shut Ensure files are stored in the right order e.g. numerical/alphabetical Never discuss service users in front of others and only on a need to know basis Care plans are stored in secure office areas Personal data keeping with the help of electric A database is another example of a storage system: it enables large amounts of information to be kept in a series of records. These records will sort the information according to a set of values. For example, a database which contains employee information will have individual records of each employee. This will show their name, age, sex, date of birth etc. The most common form of database is the ‘relational’ database: as the name suggest, this is where records are grouped together because they share the same attributes. In other words, they have a relationship with each other. Information is also stored on the Internet. There are over 80 million web sites on the Internet at present and the number is growing. This information is held on large servers and when information is requested by a user it is retrieved either from a database or a server and sent to the user. This is called a ‘client-server’ relationship. Data Protection Principles (1) Personal data shall be processed fairly and lawfully. SOAS will ensure that data are obtained fairly, and will make reasonable efforts to ensure that data subjects are told who the data controller is, what the data will be used for, for how long the data will be kept and any third parties to whom the data will be disclosed. In order for processing to be fair and lawful, data which is not sensitive personal data will only be processed by SOAS if at least one of the following conditions, set down in the Data Protection Act, has been met: The data subject has given his/her consent to the processing. The processing is necessary for the performance of a contract with the data subject, or for taking steps with a view towards entering into a contract. The processing is required under a legal obligation other than a contract. The processing is necessary to pursue the legitimate interests of SOAS or of third parties, and does not prejudice the rights, freedoms or legitimate interests of the data subject. My suggestion to all, keep in mind all the time about the data protection which I have mention above in order to safeguard yourselves and as well as others failure to do so may result being prosecuted.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

The book, To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, is a timeless classic about the coming of age of a small southern town and it’s people. The book follows Jem and Scout, two siblings living in the 1930’s in a small southern town. Their father, Atticus, is a lawyer who is hired to defend a black man who is accused of rape. The children watch the town and the trial change and grow. Atticus loses the trial and Tom Robinson, the man who is being accused of rape gets killed by prison guards. The whole town is in an uproar. Some people are furious, some are pleased, and others see it as no big deal. But for Jem and Scout it is a time for them to grow up and face the harsh realities of life. The three main themes in To Kill A Mockingbird are â€Å"racism†, â€Å"hypocrisy†, and â€Å"the world of adults†. The main theme in To Kill A Mockingbird is â€Å"racism†. Maycomb has both a black and white community. Both sides have racial views against the other. When Jem and Scout go to the black church a woman comes out and says, â€Å"You Ain’t got no business bringin’ white chillun here – they got their church, we out ours.† (Pg. 119) Both communities are hostile towards each other. When a black man is accused of a crime he didn’t commit, he is still found guilty because of his skin color. It is stated in the book, â€Å"In our courts, when its white man’s word against a black man’s, the white always wins. They’re ugly, but those are the facts of life.† (Pg. 220) However not all of the white people agree with this. Most of them think that Tom Robinson is guilty just because of the color of his skin. The second main theme in To Kill A Mockingbird is â€Å"hypocrisy†. Mrs. Merriweather talks about saving the poor Mrunas from Africa, but she thinks the black people in her community are a disgrace. She states, â€Å"At least we have the deceit to say to ‘em yes you’re as good as we are but stay away from us. Down here we just say you live your way and we’ll live ours.† (Pg. 234) But for the Mrunas she says, â€Å"I made a pledge in my heart. I said to myself, when I go home I’m going to give a course on the Mrunas†¦to Maycomb and that’s just what I’m doing.

Media †Genre Conventions of a Horror Film Essay

Settings: The setting for a horror film is usually shot in isolated, abandoned locations for example at a haunted basement, attic or loft. This is because these settings create a sense of tension and an eerie atmosphere to the audience. The more dramatic and action packed scenes are usually shot in the night because people are more vulnerable at this time and is where more â€Å"scary† events are expected to happen, however footage can be taken anytime during the day. Examples of locations are: Graveyard, Churches, Hospitals, Basements, Attics and Lofts. Horror films are used to create a negative emotional reaction from viewers by playing on the audience’s primal fears. Themes: Horror films often feature scenes that startle the viewer. Themes like the supernatural, good vs evil and death are commonly used in this genre. Horror films often deal with the viewer’s nightmares, hidden fears, and terror of the unknown. Plots within the horror genre often involve the intrusion of an evil force, event, or person, commonly of supernatural origin, into the everyday world. The presence of characters like children are used because they come across as innocent to the viewer, when in the fact they hold a hidden agenda and so surprises the audience when they see the child possessed by an evil spirit. Other characters include ghosts, aliens, vampires, werewolves, curses, satanism, demons, gore, torture, vicious animals, monsters, zombies, cannibals, and serial killers. The hero (protagonist) is usually seen as the victim, the villain (antagonist) is usually of supernatural origin that scares the audience. Narrative structure and technicality: The narrative structure of horror films is commonly using Todorovs theory – Equilibrium, Disruption, Resolution and new equilibrium. This is used, so the beginning of the film explains who most of the characters are and gives the audience the chance to guess who the protagonist and antagonist are of the film before the action begins. Although the characters are usually faced with an obstacle that they have to overcome either alone or as a group. As the characters are in the process of resolving their problems it usually ends with a twist, and surprises the audience with the fact that the antagonist wasn’t who they anticipated it to be. The technical features of horror movies are high/low camera angles for effect and to show power of the characters, jump cuts to show quickening of time, diegetic sounds for realism, non-diegetic sounds for example monster sounds to scare the audience and low-key lighting to emphasize a shadow effect. The technique iconography is used in horror movies for example weapons (guns and knives) , blood to show a death or someone injured, religious symbols to emphasize religious backgrounds for instance satanic beliefs or Christianity, dark coloured clothing and costumes as well as dark and dominant make up for the antagonist character to emphasize a frightening image. Target audience of horror films: The horror film style has changed over time, but in 1996 Scream set off a â€Å"chain of copycats†, leading to a new variety of teenage, horror movies. This new approach to horror films began to gradually earn more and more income as seen in the progress of Scream movies. The importance that horror films have gained in the public and producers’ eyes is one obvious effect on our society. Horror films’ income expansion is only the first sign of the influences of horror flicks. The role of women and how women see themselves in the movie industry has been altered by the horror genre. In early times, horror films such as My Bloody Valentine (1981), Halloween (1978), and Friday the 13th (1980) pertained mostly to a male audience. Their main focus was to express the fear of women and show them as monsters; however, this ideal is no longer prevalent in horror films. Women have become not only the main audience and fans of horror films but also the main protagonists of contemporary horror films. The horror industry is producing more and more movies with the main protagonist being a female and having to evolve into a stronger person in order to overcome difficult obstacles. This main theme has drawn a larger audience of women movie-goers to the theaters in modern times than ever historically recorded. Movie makers also go as far as to integrate women relatable topics such as pregnancy, motherhood and babysitting jobs into their films in order to gain even more female oriented audiences

How The European Central Bank S Structure Is Managed Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1588 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The European Central Bank (ECB) is the main central bank for the 15 countries that are part of the European System of Central Bank (ESCB) or the Eurosystem. The ESCB or Eurosystem consist of the ECB and all the central banks of the member states (national central banks). It has the following basic responsibilities, to define and implement the monetary policy of the community, to conduct foreign exchange operations in accordance with Article III of the Treaty, to hold and manage the official foreign reserve of the member states, and to promote the smooth operations of the payment systems (Issing, 2008, p. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How The European Central Bank S Structure Is Managed Finance Essay" essay for you Create order 54). The ECB was established on June 1, 1998 in Frankfurt am Main. Its main responsibilities, according to the Europa.eu, are to manage the European Unions (EU) single currency, the euro, to safeguard price stability for the EUs citizens and for framing and implementing the EUs economic and monetary policy (European Union, 2010). Omar Issing further states in his book entitle The Birth of the Euro, that the ECB has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes within the euro areaÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦it is empowered to collect the statistical data necessary for the conduct of monetary policy (Issing, 2008, p. 54). This monopoly enjoyed by the ECB is nothing short of the main focus of central banks in regulating the monetary system (money supply) of their country. But how does the ECB governs itself? How are decisions made by the ECB in achieving its objectives and responsibilities? And how does the ECB regulate the Eurosytem or ESCB? Governance of the ECB is done through the main decision making bodies that comprised its operation the Governing Council, the Executive Board and the General Council. Firstly, the Governing Council is the ECBs highest decision-making body and it comprised six (6) members of the Executive Board and the 15 central banks governors of the Eurosystem, a total of 21 members (Issing, 2008, p. 67). These members meet twice a month via telephone conferencing and usually in the month of August. The central task of the Governing is to adopt guidelines necessary for the operations of the Eurosystem and to formulate monetary policy for its community. Therefore, a country, once they entered the Eurosystem their responsibility for monetary policy passes from their national central bank to the ECB. Thus the single important function of the Governing Council is to ensure that the central objective of the ECB, price stability is achieved and this is accomplished as a result of using a single index (th e euro) for the entire European community (Issing, 2008, p. 68). Secondly, the Executive Board of the ECB comprises six (6) persons: the President, the Vice-President and four other members. It is considered to be the operational decision-making body of the ECB. Also its primary responsibility is to implement the monetary policy as defined by the Governing Council. And like the Governing Council, the Executive Board is a collegial body. A collegial body is an entity whose power and authority is vested in its members. Thus each member of the Executive Board has one vote, which the President has the deciding vote if there is a tie (Issing, 2008, p. 70). Otmar Issisng the author of the Birth of the Euro was a former member of the Executive Board from 1998 to May 2006 in the capacity of Directorates General, Economics and Research. Finally, the third decision-making arm of the ECB is the General Council. It comprises the President and Vice-President of the ECB and all the governors of the central banks of the member state. Other members of the Executive Board may sit with the General Council and participate in its operation but they cannot vote. The General Council assumes the role of the former European Monetary Institute (EMI) formed in Jan 1994 which had no monetary policy powers. Today nothing has changed concerning its mandate which now include providing monetary advice to European Union (EU) countries that have not yet joined and overseeing the functioning of the exchange rate mechanism (Issing, 2008, p. 75). How do these three bodies work together in making decision to satisfy its primary objective of price stability? What exactly is the ESCB? And what role they play in the ECBs monetary policy? Otmar Issing states further that the functionality of the ECBs monetary policy rest on three pillars: prohibition of monetary financing, central bank independence and primacy of price stability (Issing, 2008, p. 54). These three pillars summarize how the ECB regulate the Eurosystem which essentially is its single monetary policy. The prohibition of monetary refers to the historical account where member states national central banks were pressured into buying up unlimited amount of government paper or granting direct credit to the public sector. These actions by the central banks increased the money supply or the amount of money in circulation which caused inflationary pressure in the community. Now ECB and the national central banks are prohibited from engaging into such actions (Article 101 of the Treaty) and a ban has also being placed on their ability to provide provision of credit to the public sector coupled with the direct purchase of public debt instruments (Issing, 2008, p. 5 5). Another pillar of the monetary policy of the ECB and the national central banks concerns their independence found in Article 108 of the Treaty which is quoted: When exercising the powers and carrying out the tasks and duties conferred upon them by this Treaty and the Statue of the ESCB, neither the ECB, nor a national central bank, nor any member of their decision-making bodies shall seek or take instructions from Community institutions or bodies, from any government of a Member State or from any other body. The community institutions and bodies and the governments of the Member states undertake to respect this principle and not to seek to influence the members of the decision-making bodies of the ECB or of the national central banks in the performance of their tasks (Issing, 2008, p. 56) This quotation sums up the importance of the ECBs independence from the respective government bodies or legislative powers from the different member countries. Therefore, persons working within the ECB would be subject to this independence as well. Such independence attributed to staff of the ECB is to ensure that contracts cannot be terminated prematurely, for example, members of the Executive Board have a term of office of eight years with no renewal. The ECBs independence is fundamental to the implementation and formulation of monetary policy (Issing, 2008, p.56). The final pillar that contributes to the regulation of the Eurosystem is referred to as the primacy of price stability or in other words, the ECB primary responsibility is to maintain price a stable price throughout the Eurosystem. Why is this objective of price stability so important to monetary policy? If price stability is not maintained it will cause inflation and the contrary to this is deflation. Price stability here is defined as a year-on-year increase in the Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) for the euro area of below two per centÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦aim to maintain inflation rates close to two per cent over the medium term (Issing, 2008, p. 115). Issing gives three important reasons for the importance of price stability as adopted by the ECB, namely, that central planning is based on the correct signals coming from prices in deciding on production and consumption, investing and saving issues. These correct signals from prices refer to changes in relative prices. Changes in relative prices consequently signal changes in relative scarcity which acts as a guide for participant in market activities pointing them in the right direction. Simultaneous shifts in prices cause difficulty in differentiating between shifts in relative prices and overall price increases. Such anomaly means that the economy is operating below performance or below potential which affects investment and household spending (Issing, 2008, p. 62). As mentioned in the above, inflation or deflation causes changes in price and such changes can distort the distribution of income and wealth. This re-distribution of income and wealth is also affected by the tax system, specifically through transfer payments based on nominal values and adjusted values. Research done by Edmund Phelps, the 2006 Nobel laureate has shown that such effects can be substantial even at harmless levels of inflation (Issing, 2008, p. 62). The final point based on the importance for price stability rest on the assumption surrounding the uncertainty of predicting the stability of future prices. Marketing intermediaries will hedge against this uncertainty as a precautionary measure which will lead to corresponding increases in nominal prices and not long-term interest rates. As a consequent of this action by marketing intermediaries financing for investment becomes more expensive and so does government borrowing (Issing, 2008, p. 63). Conclusion The ECB single most responsibility justifiably has been since its inception is to maintain price stability across the Eurosystem. It has been a challenge or a mammoth task by the ECB given the intricacies involved in the implementation and formulation of mechanism to complement and support this objective. The three pillar approach conceptualized by Otmar Issing has proven to be the one of the success factors capitalized by the ECB used to regulate the Eurosystem. There are many other areas worth mentioning that would underscore the importance of utilizing such an approach, but would extend beyond the bounds of this paper, for example, other monetary policy options considered (Taylor Rule, discretionary policy, inflationary targeting and others) and what are some of the instruments of monetary policy. References European Union. (2010, December). Europa. Retrieved from https://europa.eu/institutions/financial/ecb/index_en.htm Issing, O. (2008). The Birth of the Euro. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.